RESISTENCIA ANTIBIÓTICA DE SALMONELLA SPP, ESCHERICHIA COLI AISLADAS DE ALPACAS (Vicugna pacus) CON Y SIN DIARREA

A nivel mundial, el problema de resistencia a antibióticos es considerado de prioridad sanitaria pública y veterinaria, por ello el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la presencia de resistencia antibiótica frente a Salmonella sp., y Escherichia coli provenientes de crías de alpacas con y sin diarrea. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo transversal múltiple. Se recolectaron 300 muestras de heces por hisopado rectal de crías de alpacas entre 10 a 60 días nacidas con y sin cuadros diarreicos provenientes de Comunidades Campesinas de Huancavelica-Perú. La presencia de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. Se identificó mediante pruebas bioquímicas la susceptibilidad antibacteriana por método Kirby Bauer y se evaluaron 8 antibióticos usuales del mercado veterinaria. El 100%de muestras con diarreas fueron positivas a Escherichia coli, 40,0%Salmonella spp., 20%Escherichia coli-Salmonella spp. y muestras sin diarrea 57,0%positivas a Escherichia coli, 24,0% Salmonella spp., 19.0% E. coli-Salmonella spp. Las cepas de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. fueron resistentes a Ampicilina (10,4 0,3), (9,3 0,2); Novomicina (11,1 0,2), (11,2 0,1); Tetraciclina (8,2 0,1), (9,2 0,3); Penicilina (9,1 0,4), (11,1 0,3); Gentamicina (10,1 0,4), (10,2 0,3) provenientes de muestras con diarrea y en muestras sin diarrea resistentes a Gentamicina (10,3 0,1), (8,2 0,1); Tetraciclina (9,2 0,4), (8,2 0,4); Ampicilina (11,2 0,1), (9,3 0,2); Penicilina (10,2 0,4), (10,1 0,3). Las cepas de Salmonella spp., y Escherichia coli aisladas de crías de alpacas con y sin diarreas evidencian resistencia antibacteriana a múltiples antibióticos usados en la veterinaria//The problem of antibiotic resistance is considered a public and veterinary sanitary priority worldwide, for that reason the aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of antibiotic resistance against Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli coming from alpaca calves with and without diarrhea. The research was cross-sectional descriptive. 300 stool samples per rectal swab were collected from alpaca calves aging from 10 and 60 days with and without diarrhea from Peasant Communities in Huancavelica – Peru. The presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. was identified by conventional biochemical test, antibacterial susceptibility by Kirby Bauer method and 8 usual antibiotics from the veterinary market were evaluated. 100% of samples with diarrhea were positive to Escherichia coli; 40.0% Salmonella spp.; 40% Escherichia coli -Salmonella spp., and samples without diarrhea 48.3% positive to Escherichia Coli; 14.0% Salmonella spp.; 9.3% Escherichia coli -Salmonella spp. The CMI in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. strains were resistant to Ampicillin (10.4 0.3), (9.3 0.2); Novomycin (11.1 0.2), (11.2 0. 1); Tetracycline (8.2 0.1), (9.2 0.3); Penicillin (9.1 0. 4), (11.1 0. 3); Gentamicin (10.1 0. 4), (10.2 0. 3) from samples with diarrhea and in samples without diarrhea resistant to Gentamicin (10.3 0.1), (8.2 0.1); Tetracycline (9.2 0.4), (8.2 0.4); Ampicillin (11.2 0.1), (9.3 0.2); Penicillin (10.2 0.4), (10.1 0.3). Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli strains isolated from alpaca calves with and without diarrhea show antibacterial resistance to multiple antibiotics used in veterinary

Determination of copro-prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and associated factors in domestic dogs: a household cross-sectional study in Huancarama, Peru

Echinococcosis is an important disease with regard to public health and the leading role that humans have in fulfilling the transmission cycle. The objective of this study was to determine the copro-prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs from homes in Huancarama, Peru, and the factors associated with this infection. The research was basic, prospective, quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, and analytical. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals (CIEA) and the Institutional Research Ethics Committee (CIEI) of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. The sample comprised of 519 homes. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to develop layers of information on the study area with georeferencing of the locations of these homes. Information processing was performed using Excel for Windows 2010, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS 25 software, and ArcGIS 10.8. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were performed to determine the possible associations. Categorical variables were statistically contrasted using the chi-square test with 95% confidence intervals and P ? 0.05, which indicated the extreme degree of significance. It was found that 94.4% of the houses had dogs and that the prevalence of E. granulosus was 27.7% (95/343; 95% CI 22.8-32.6). The distance from the house to the cattle slaughterhouse was associated with disease occurrence (P < 0.01). Locations in the Suni altitude zone presented a higher prevalence (41.8%) (P < 0.05). Lack of knowledge that humans can contract echinococcosis was associated with disease occurrence (P < 0.05)

Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle from Sotaquirá, Colombia

Worldwide distributed Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) represents a high risk of infection in most bovine farms, in which it is associated with gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive diseases. The purpose of this research was to establish the seroprevalence and the main risk factors associated with the presentation of BVDV in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Colombia. Samples were taken from 1000 cattle of Holstein, Ayrshire, Jersey, Normande Gyr and Holstein x Gyr. Epidemiological surveys were implemented, reproductive and management variables were taken into consideration. Indirect ELISA was performed to detect specific antibodies against BVDV using the commercial kit SERELISA® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking. The overall seroprevalence of antibodies against BVDV was 42.5% (425/1000), where the Gyr breed (59.1% apparent prevalence (AP); 60.3% real prevalence (PR)) and the age group > 4 years (53.0% PA; 54.4% PR) presented the highest seroprevalences. A significant statistical association was found for the breed, age, management practices evaluated and the presentation of PI3 (p ≤ 0.05). Age group > 4 years, Normande breed, presentation of PI3 and grazing lease were established as risk factors associated with BVDV in the herds. These infections are mainly associated with dairy cattle and herds with many animals, so it is important to consider vaccination plans as a preventive system and follow up on the most common diseases

Consumo y valor nutritivo del ensilado de "Calamagrostis antoniana" y "Avena sativa" asociada en diferentes proporciones en alpacas ("Vicugna pacos")

The experiment aimed to assess the nutritional value of the silage Calamagrostis antoniana and Avena sativa in different proportions (treatments): chemical composition in terms of dry matter (%), crude protein (%), crude fiber (%) and intake voluntary (gr.MS / day) in alpaca tuis lower in 6 treatments: T1 (100% Calamagrostis antoniana T2 (80% and 20% Calamagrostis antoniana and Avena sativa), T3 (60% Calamagrostis antoniana and 40% Avena sativa), T4 (40% and 60% Calamagrostis antoniana and Avena sativa), T5 (20% and 80% Calamagrostis antoniana and Avena sativa) and T6 (100% Avena sativa). Obtaining microsilos held in silage (4 replicates per treatment). Voluntary intake was assessed in 24 male alpacas, tuis smaller breed huacaya (4 replicates per treatment) for 21 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The Calamagrostis antoniana and Avena sativa silage as associated in different proportions (treatments), varies statistically (p <0.05) in the content of MS (%), PT (%) and FC (%) recorded higher values silage, for T1 (55.60% MS), T6 (11.02% PT) and T1 (33.18% FC). Regarding the voluntary intake of silage and Avena sativa and Calamagrostis antoniana in alpacas, silage that had greater treatment acceptance was T4 and T5, consuming an average of voluntarily: 307.18 and 226.87 (gr. MS / day / animal), respectively.El experimento tuvo el objetivo de evaluar el valor nutritivo del ensilado de Calamagrostis antoniana y Avena sativa en diferentes proporciones (tratamientos): composición química en términos de materia seca (%), proteína cruda (%), fibra cruda (%); y consumo voluntario (gr.MS/día) en alpacas tuis menor, distribuidas en 6 tratamientos: T1 (100% Calamagrostis antoniana), T2 (80% Calamagrostis antoniana y 20% Avena sativa), T3 (60% Calamagrostis antoniana y 40% de Avena sativa), T4 (40% Calamagrostis antoniana y 60% Avena sativa), T5 (20% Calamagrostis antoniana y 80% Avena sativa) y T6 (100% Avena sativa). La obtención del ensilado se realizó en microsilos (4 repeticiones por tratamiento). El consumo voluntario se evaluó en 24 alpacas machos, tuis menor, de la raza huacaya (4 repeticiones por tratamiento), durante 21 días. El experimento fue conducido en un diseño completamente aleatorizado. El Calamagrostis antoniana y Avena sativa en forma de ensilado, asociada en sus diferentes proporciones (tratamientos), varia estadísticamente (p<0.05) en cuanto  al contenido de MS(%), PT(%) y FC(%); registrándose valores mayores del ensilado, en el tratamiento T1 (55.60% MS), T6 (11.02% PT) y T1(33.18% FC). En cuanto al consumo voluntario del ensilado de Calamagrostis antoniana y Avena sativa, en las alpacas, los ensilados que tuvieron una mayor aceptación fue el tratamiento T4 y T5, llegando a consumir voluntariamente un promedio de: 307.18 y 226.87 (gr. MS/día/animal), respectivamente

Políticas promovedoras de la tecnificación y su efecto en la productividad acuícola

Continental aquaculture in Peru is gaining exposure as a propitious sector to implement production strategies and achieve technification since its production is based on few species and some regions. This literature review paper aims to present successful technification policies adopted by various developed countries and their impact on aquaculture productivity, compared to Latin American and Peruvian policies. We reviewed scientific articles published in the Scopus, Scielo, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), ScienceDirect, Latindex, and Google Scholar databases, as well as reports from the National Program for Innovation in Fisheries and Aquaculture (PNIPA) of Peru and the Ministry of Production (PRODUCE), using Mendeley reference manager. A total of 50 articles were selected based on relevance, impact level, and date of publication in the last five years. The countries that have technified their aquaculture processes have managed to position themselves as world benchmarks with high efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness levels. In conclusion, strategies, policies, technological development, and innovation must be promoted to improve and add value to the production chain and thus ensure aquaculture success.La acuicultura en el Perú a nivel continental se proyecta como el sector propicio para desarrollar estrategias productivas y lograr la tecnificación, dado que su producción está basada en pocas especies y en algunas regiones. En ese sentido, el propósito del artículo de revisión bibliográfica es dar a conocer políticas exitosas de la tecnificación aplicadas en diversos países desarrollados y su impacto en la productividad acuícola, relacionado con las políticas de Latinoamérica y del Perú. Se revisaron artículos científicos publicados en las bases de datos Scopus, Scielo, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), ScienceDirect, Latindex, Google académico, así como reportes del Programa Nacional de Innovación en Pesca y Acuicultura (PNIPA) Perú y Ministerio de la producción (PRODUCE), utilizando el gestor de búsqueda de referencias Mendeley. Se seleccionaron 50 artículos basados en los criterios de relación con el tema, nivel de impacto y año de publicación en los últimos cinco años. Se encontró que los países que han tecnificado sus procesos acuícolas han logrado posicionarse como referentes mundiales con altos niveles de eficiencia, productividad y competitividad. Se concluye que, para asegurar el éxito acuícola, se deben promover estrategias, políticas, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación para lograr mejorar y dar valor a la cadena productiva

Use of Plectranthus amboinicus in Feeding Fattening Pigs

[EN] This research was developed at the Hacienda "Los Hermanos" belonging to the company Super Mac, located in Balao canton, Guayas province, coastal region of Ecuador, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of ground dehydrated P. amboinicus in the feed of fattening pigs on their productive parameters and antibacsterial response. Four treatments were distributed, each one with 20 animals, regardless of sex for a total of 80 pigs, starting at 49 days of age and ending the experiment at 105 days, considering each pig as an experimental unit. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used, with the following treatments: Treatment 1, control (T1), to which a commercial diet was administered, T2, T3, T4 to which 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% of the dehydrated P. amboinicus was added to the commercial diet, respectively. For data analysis, the statistical program Statgraphics Centurion XV.I ® was used, applying a one factor Analysis (ANOVA) and to establish the differences between the means obtained, the procedure of the multiple comparison of Bonferroni was used with a 95% level of confidence, the variables evaluated were: Live weight gain and accumulated feed consumption in kg, feed conversion, mortality in percentage, total microbial flora and total coliforms in CFU. The results showed that, for the variables of productive parameters, there is no statistically significant difference, although there is a difference for the variables of total coliforms and total microbial flora when compared with T1, especially at the end of the experiment. As a conclusion there is an effect at the level of the antibacterial response, showing a positive correlation, the higher the percentage of dehydrated P. amboinicus included the greater efficacy in the control of CFUs. No mortality was found during this experiment.Sanchez-Quinche, A.; Vega Tinoco, MM.; Pimbosa Ortiz, ED.; Cordovilla Loaiza, JD.; Jordán Romero, MM.; Pérez Baena, I. (2021). Use of Plectranthus amboinicus in Feeding Fattening Pigs. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 16(4):303-311. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2021.303.311S30331116

Camélidos sudamericanos: clasificación, origen y características

Los Camélidos Sudamericanos (CSA) resisten ambientes adversos como el del altiplano andino, donde no es posible la producción económica de otras especies de animales domésticos. La producción de CSA es el principal medio de subsistencia de las comunidades campesinas que habitan en esas zonas. Pertenecen a la Familia Camelidae y forman los géneros Lama y Vicugna. Presentan particularidades anatómicas y fisiológicas probablemente relacionadas con su adaptación a las condiciones de escasez de oxígeno y de forrajes de las grandes alturas en las que habitan.South American camelids (SAC) resist the adverse environment of Andean altiplano where economical production of other domestic species is not possible. SAC production is the most important subsistence media of the Andean communities. SAC belong to the family Camelidae and form the genera Lama and Vicugna. They present particular anatomic and physiological characteristics probably related to their adaptation to the restricted oxygen and forages conditions of the high altitudes where they live

A review of Huacaya alpacas fiber traits

Se realiza una revisión de las principales características productivas (peso de vellón sucio y finura) y tecnológicas (coeficiente de variación de la finura, finura al hilado, índice de curvatura, factor de confor y longitud de mecha) del vellón de la fibra de alpaca, así como de los principales factores medioambientales que afectan dichas características, a fin de demostrar las bondades que tiene la fibra de alpaca para la industria textil, en comparación de las características que se encuentran en otras especies animales. Se llega a la conclusión de que en Huancavelica (Perú) se encuentra un buen potencial para la producción de fibra de alpaca, en cantidad y calidad.A review of the main production (dirty fleece weight and fineness) and technological traits (coefficient of variation of fineness, spinning finennes, curvature index, comfort factor and staple length) of Huacaya alpaca fleece. Also, we attend major environmental factors affecting these characteristics to demonstrate the benefits that alpaca fiber have for the textile industry, in comparison of the features in other animal species. We are concluding that in Huancavelica, Peru is a good potential for the production of fiber for quality and quantity

Producción de forraje verde hidropónico de cebada (Hordeum vulgare) usando efluente de piscigranja de truchas

The objective was to determine the effect of trout farm effluent on the production of green hydroponic forage of barley (GHF). The activities were: oxidation of ammonia (N-NH4+) in the trout farm effluent to nitrate of nitrogen (N-NO3-) in a biofilter (nitrification), and the use of this effluent in the production of GHF. Design was completely randomized with three treatments: 100% of water from water supply channel (T0), 50% of water from biofilter effluent, plus 50% of water from water supply channel (T1), and 100% of water from biofilter effluent (T2); with 10 replications. Variables assessed were: development time of biofilter; NNO3- content in fully developed biofilter; percentage of protein and plant height on 4th, 8th, 12th, and 16th day production; and biomass production of GHF on 16th day. By the end of the 90th day, the biofilter installed to generate N-NO3- was developed at a medium pH of 8.23 and at a medium temperature of 14.9°C. N-NO3- content (mg/L) in biofilter effluent was 2.2 while trout farm effluent was 1.2. No significant difference was found in protein percentage of GHF (P<0.05). However, there was a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on plant height the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 16th days, and biomass production on the 16th day. For both variables, treatment T2 was placed in the A range, treatment T1 in B range and treatment T0 in C range.El objetivo fue determinar el efecto del efluente de pozas de trucha sobre la producción de forraje verde hidropónico de cebada (FVH). Las actividades fueron: La oxidación del amoniaco (N-NH4+) – en el efluente de las pozas de trucha – hasta nitrato (N-NO3-) en un biofiltro (nitrificación) y el uso del efluente en la producción de FVH. Se utilizó el diseño completamente al azar con tres tratamientos: 100% de agua del canal de abastecimiento (T0), 50% de efluente del biofiltro más 50% de agua del canal de abastecimiento (T1) y 100% de efluente del biofiltro (T2); con 10 repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: tiempo de desarrollo del biofiltro, contenido de N-NO3- en el biofiltro completamente desarrollado, porcentaje de proteína y altura de planta los días 4, 8, 12 y 16 de producción; y producción de biomasa del FVH el día 16. El biofiltro instalado para la generación de N-NO3- se desarrolló a los 90 días, a un pH medio de 8.23 y una temperatura media de 14.9 °C. El contenido de NNO3-(mg/L) en el efluente del biofiltro fue de 2.2 y en el de las pozas de trucha, 1.2. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0.05) en porcentaje de proteína del FVH, pero se observó un efecto altamente significativo (P<0.01) en la altura de planta los días 4, 8, 12 y 16, asimismo en la producción de biomasa del día 16. Para ambas variables el tratamiento T2 se ubicó en el rango A, el tratamiento T1 en el rango B y el tratamiento T0 en el rango C

Brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle in South America

In general, European and North American countries, as well as Australia and New Zealand, have already eradicated or reached good levels of control of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle. In the rest of the world, however, the epidemiological situation of these two diseases is frequently poorly understood. In this review article, quantified data on these diseases in the South American countries are presented. Initially, the aspects that led the continent to host 25% of the world cattle population are presented, in addition to the aspects that placed the continent at a prominent position in the international meat market. Subsequently the continent was divided into three country groups, considering the size of the cattle population and how well the epidemiological situation of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle is quantified. It is argued that countries that do not generate high-quality quantitative epidemiological data on these diseases have serious limitations in outlining and managing control or eradication strategies. Thus, for successful outcomes, at least methodologies to estimate the prevalence of infected herds should be employed.De maneira geral, os países da Europa e da América do Norte, além da Austrália e da Nova Zelândia, já erradicaram ou atingiram bons níveis de controle da brucelose e da tuberculose bovinas. Entretanto, no restante do mundo, raramente a situação epidemiológica dessas duas doenças é adequadamente conhecida. Neste artigo de revisão são apresentados dados de quantificação dessas importantes enfermidades nos países da América do Sul. Inicialmente são apresentadas as características que concorreram para que atualmente o continente tenha 25% do efetivo bovino mundial e uma posição de destaque no mercado internacional de carnes. Os países foram então alocados em três grupos, levando em consideração o tamanho da população bovina e a qualidade da quantificação referente à situação epidemiológica da brucelose e da tuberculose bovinas. Argumenta-se que países que não geram dados epidemiológicos quantitativos de alta qualidade em relação a essas doenças têm sérias limitações para traçar estratégias eficazes de combate e são incapazes de realizar a gestão dos processos. Conclui-se que os países que desejam ser exitosos no combate à brucelose e tuberculose bovinas deveriam ao menos utilizar metodologias para estimar a prevalência de focos